Your browser doesn't support the features required by impress.js, so you are presented with a simplified version of this presentation.
      For the best experience please use the latest Chrome, Safari or Firefox browser.
     
    
      
        2 Billion Years in Five Days
        Where astrophysics meets supercomputers.
         
        
          May 2022
          
            Anthony Arnold
            University of Queensland
            School of Maths and Physics
          
         
       
      
        Fun Fact
        
          Nyeeruna chases the Yugarilya sisters across the sky and is challenged by Kambugudha.
        
        
          Hamacher, D. W., 2017, Observations of red-giant variable stars by Aboriginal Australians, The Australian Journal of Anthropology.
        
         
       
      
        
What is Gravity?
        What goes up must come down.
        
        
      
      
      
      
        Newton's Law
        Universal Gravitation
        $$F = G\frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}$$
        
          - \(F\) is the force - it has direction and magnitude.
- \(G\) is the gravitational constant - it's a number.
- \(m_1\) and \(m_2\) are the masses of two bodies.
- \(r\) is the distance between them.
 
      
        
Two-body Motion
        It's easy to do with maths.
        
        
      
      
        
Three-body motion?
        No analytical solution.
        
        
      
      
        Numerical Methods
        Getting an approximation.
        Strategy:
        
          - Get everyone's acceleration.
- Update everyone's velocity a little bit.
- Move everyone a little bit.
- Repeat until done.
          
        
       
      
        
          The first N-Body simulations (Holmberg 1941) used light bulbs on a table.
        
        
       
      
        
          Now we use computers.
        
        
        OzSTAR courtesy of Swinburne University.
       
      
        As N gets bigger
        
        
        [click me]
        
       
      
        How long would this all take for a realistic cluster of stars?
        
          
            - \(10^6\) stars \(= 10^{12}\) calculations per step.
- \(10^{15}\) steps \(= 10^{27}\) calculations in total.
- \(3 \times 10^9\) calculations/s = 10 Gyrs.
 
         
        
          I don't have that much time!
        
       
      
        One solution is to use better hardware. It's still not fast enough.
        
      
        
Better Algorithms
        The red stars are so far away, we can approximate.
        
        
      
       
        
Better Algorithms
        The red star is isolated and can be updated less frequently.
        
        
      
      
        My Code
         
       
      
        Globular Clusters
        
          - Dense clusters containing hundreds of thousands (or more) of stars.
- Gravity is the dominant force.
- Home to exotic objects, like binary black holes.
 
      
      
        The final simulated state (present day) is not the same as observations. What are we missing?
        

        There is still more work to do.
      
        
          Fun Fact 
        
        
           
        
          Sir Thomas Brisbane, Governor of New South Wales 1821 - 1825, was an astronomer.